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Anyone who has run many road or cross- country races will be glad to talk your ear off if you ask about strategies for winning, or at least finishing well, in such races — indeed, I'm about to do just that. Often reiterated by runners (while fruity, electrolyte- restoring fluid dribbles onto their sweaty T- shirts) is the importance of what happens in the seconds (or minutes) after the start of the race. Shoot out ahead of the leaders, and you may be hunched over, sucking wind and falling back in the last mile. But go out too conservatively and you'll spend the entire race playing catch- up, perhaps never to see the lead pack. Now consider Saab's 9- 3: During a long nine- year model run from 1. Upgrades for the 1. Such is not to say that this car — offered in convertible and two- and four- door hatchback form — did not develop an affectionate following of enthusiasts which even included a few of the editors here. But given its obvious weaknesses and the stiff competition, particularly among four- door entry- luxury cars, this was not a car we could in good faith recommend to consumers as a top pick. Endurance isn't enough if you don't put yourself in a potentially winning position to begin with. However, the company's redesigned 2. Offered only in sedan form this year (the SE Convertible is a carryover of the old style) and referred to as the "9- 3 Sport Sedan" by Saab, this car made a good first impression during our initial drive. After subsequently spending a week and a half with a base Linear model, it would seem that Saab has given the 9- 3 a solid start in the entry- luxury sedan race — the leaders in this segment are within view. Longtime Saab enthusiasts may be disappointed to find that the company has abandoned the hatchback body style (which wasn't a strong enough sell to target customers, at least for a company that wants to shed its niche- player status), and they'll quickly note that familiar traits like torque steer and spongy handling around corners have been bred out of the new 9- 3 as well. Nor will it be far from their minds that this redesign was executed entirely under the auspices of General Motors (which has had a 1. This 9- 3 rides on the Epsilon platform, which will provide the basis for future Grand Ams, Impalas, Malibus and Monte Carlos, and its new turbocharged four- cylinders make use of the corporate Ecotec engine block. But it's also true that GM has been a 5. Saab since 1. 99. Opel (a division of GM Europe) parts. Moreover, this 9- 3 sedan still looks like a Saab — really, like a scaled- down 9- 5 with more graceful lines — and has quite a large trunk for a nonhatchback (1. Variants are on the way, with a redesigned convertible to be introduced late in the summer of 2. X crossover to follow by the end of that year. A sport wagon should be along within two to three years. This still leaves the question — where's the Viggen? We're referring, of course, to a previous- generation 9- 3 equipped with a 2. The current offerings, the 1. Linear and the 2. Arc and Vector models, don't fill the Viggen's tire tracks, at least in terms of acceleration. Saab executives have said that a higher- performance 9- 3 sedan is a possibility somewhere in the hazy future, but that it would likely be called the Aero (more in line with the 9- 5 nomenclature). For now, our subject is an entry- level Linear sedan (given a most interesting coat of matte- finish exterior paint — Dolphin Grey, it's called) that we picked up in San Francisco and drove back to Los Angeles, where it was driven by several editors and put through our usual battery of instrumented testing. The car was loaded with just about every option — five- speed automatic transmission, seat heaters, Launch Package (adds a power driver seat, sunroof, in- dash CD changer and 1. Touring Package (adds dual- zone auto climate control, bi- xenon headlights and auto- dimming rearview mirror) and Sport Wheel Package (swaps the Launch Pack's 1. This Linear, however, was a preproduction car, and we must offer a few caveats before getting out our fine- toothed comb. First, the company's decision to add auto climate control to the Touring Package was last- minute, so you'll note in the photos that our test car had a three- knob manual arrangement. And apparently, the plant in Trollhättan, Sweden, that builds these cars was unable to coordinate the firmer springs and dampers and larger- diameter antiroll bars needed for the sport suspension in time for our road test, so this car had the regular suspension settings along with the big 1. R1. 7 rubber that come with the Sport Wheel Package — don't go looking for this combination at your dealer. Also, our car wore Michelin Pilots, tires we've often praised for their quiet ride and excellent grip, but our contacts at Saab advised us that all production cars will have Pirellis. Finally, the front center armrest was covered in cloth, rather than leather, and a swivel- design, dash- mounted cupholder was missing altogether. One other note for prospective buyers — the Launch Package ($2,5. Arc and Vector models arrive in force in January 2. At that time, this package will be replaced by the Driver's Package, which includes just the CD changer, more powerful amplifier and the power driver seat. Why should you care? Well, if you can comfortably afford a Linear optioned with the Launch and Touring packs, it wouldn't be a bad idea to hold out for the Arc which, in addition to more power, provides desirable features like dual power seats (with memory for the driver); a full set of one- touch windows; a 1. Linear. And even with its position as the luxury- oriented 9- 3, the Arc remains eligible for the sport package and a manual transmission. Alternatively, you could go with the Vector, which is basically outfitted like a Viggen, less the 2. Saab expects that 3. U. S. buyers will choose the Linear, 4. Arc and 2. 0 percent the Vector. The Linear draws power from a 1. Garrett GT2. 0 turbocharger affixed to it. Familial Ecotec ties are hard to find, as the engine has a shorter stroke (equal in length to the bore, actually), resulting in less displacement compared to mainstream GM applications (2. Saab- exclusive cylinder heads, camshafts, counter- rotating balancer shafts, dual- mass flywheel and Trionic 8 engine management software. The product of all this on paper is 1. Certainly, it would be fair to ask whether this engine is really an upgrade over the previous 2. Ecopower four (offered from 1. Saab product personnel did note that the new engine is 3. Linear sedan weighs about 1. Still, in our judgment, the new engine is not a loss to buyers in terms of price or performance. Looking back, that four- door hatchback had a starting MSRP of $2. Linear's increased standard equipment and updated engineering. Out on the road, the difference between the two engines is immediately noticeable. Whereas the old 1. Linear had minimal lag off the line and smoother power delivery overall — so smooth in the view of the author that she was moved to write in her notes that if it wasn't for the occasional muted whine of the low- boost turbocharger (well, that and the turbo meter in the gauge cluster), you wouldn't even know it had one. The turbocharger's low- profile presence may disappoint some enthusiasts, but when this power plant is considered alongside Audi's (and VW's) popular 1. T engine, likely the smoothest operating turbo four on the planet, it's not hard to understand why Saab would move in this direction. Still, the Linear's four- cylinder came off as a bit loud and gruff when revving, so editors didn't rate it as highly as the Audi A4's 1. T. Most buyers will be content with the engine's power. Though not terribly exciting off the line, its broad, relatively deep power band proved adequate and then some in most driving conditions. During instrumented testing, our test vehicle achieved 6. These days, a V6 Camry can make it to 6. Anaerobic exercise - Wikipedia. Anaerobic exercise is a physical exercise intense enough to cause lactate to form. There is no secret cure to being weak, but there are shortcuts to size! In 12 weeks, I can help you gain major strength and more muscle!It is used by athletes in non- endurance sports to promote strength, speed and power and by body builders to build muscle mass. Muscle energy systems trained using anaerobic exercise develop differently compared to aerobic exercise, leading to greater performance in short duration, high intensity activities, which last from mere seconds to up to about 2 minutes.[1] Any activity lasting longer than about two minutes has a large aerobic metabolic component.[citation needed]Metabolism[edit]Anaerobic metabolism, or anaerobic energy expenditure, is a natural part of whole- body metabolic energy expenditure.[2]Fast twitch muscle (as compared to slow twitch muscle) operates using anaerobic metabolic systems, such that any recruitment of fast twitch muscle fibers leads to increased anaerobic energy expenditure. Intense exercise lasting upwards of about four minutes (e. High- intensity interval training, although based on aerobic exercises like running, cycling and rowing, effectively becomes anaerobic when performed in excess of 9. Anaerobic energy expenditure is difficult to accurately quantify, although several reasonable methods to estimate the anaerobic component to exercise are available.[1][3][4]In contrast, aerobic exercise includes lower intensity activities performed for longer periods of time. How to Improve Stamina. "Stamina" is the strength and energy needed to exert oneself for an extended period of time. The word most commonly refers to the exertion. Muscle Fiber Type and What It Means for Strength Training Fast Twitch, Slow Twitch, or In Between? Strength training is a supplement to a runner’s roadwork because it strengthens muscles and joints, which can improve race times and decrease injury risk. If you. ˜˚˛˝˙ˆˇ ˆˇ˚˛˘ˆ˙ ˆ˛ ffffffflftfiflftfiflˇ˘ fi You can use this form to keep track of the strength exercises you do each day. Try to do strength. ![]() Activities such as walking, long slow runs, rowing, and cycling require a great deal of oxygen to generate the energy needed for prolonged exercise (i. In sports which require repeated short bursts of exercise however, the anaerobic system enables muscles to recover for the next burst. Therefore, training for many sports demands that both energy producing systems be developed. The two types of anaerobic energy systems are: 1) high energy phosphates, adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate; and 2) anaerobic glycolysis. The former is called alactic anaerobic and the latter lactic anaerobic system.[5] High energy phosphates are stored in limited quantities within muscle cells. Anaerobic glycolysis exclusively uses glucose (and glycogen) as a fuel in the absence of oxygen, or more specifically when ATP is needed at rates that exceed those provided by aerobic metabolism. The consequence of such rapid glucose breakdown is the formation of lactic acid (or more appropriately, its conjugate base lactate at biological p. · Muscle-strengthening activities aren't just for adults. In fact, the American Council on Exercise claims muscle-building programs and activities can. When you build your leg muscles, Torres explains, you’ll better able to propel yourself further in every step you take while running. “The added muscle also helps. · Muscular endurance is a muscle’s ability to work continuously against resistance over a long period of time. To build muscular endurance, an athlete. Ok, this is super funny that you sent out an email with ‘old man strength’ in the subject line. Here’s the story. A few months ago I was trying out a new MMA. H levels). Physical activities that last up to about thirty seconds rely primarily on the former, ATP- CP phosphagen system. Beyond this time both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis- based metabolic systems begin to predominate. The by- product of anaerobic glycolysis, lactate, has traditionally been thought to be detrimental to muscle function.[6] However, this appears likely only when lactate levels are very high. Elevated lactate levels are only one of many changes that occur within and around muscle cells during intense exercise that can lead to fatigue. Fatigue, that is muscle failure, is a complex subject. Elevated muscle and blood lactate concentrations are a natural consequence of any physical exertion. The effectiveness of anaerobic activity can be improved through training.[7]See also[edit]References[edit]^ ab. Medbo, JI; Mohn, AC; Tabata, I; Bahr, R; Vaage, O; Sejersted, OM (January 1. Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal accumulated O2 deficit". Journal of Applied Physiology. Retrieved 1. 4 May 2. Scott, Christopher B (June 2. Contribution of anaerobic energy expenditure to whole body thermogenesis". Nutrition & Metabolism. Retrieved 1. 4 May 2. Di Prampero, PE; G. Ferretti (Dec 1, 1. The energetics of anaerobic muscle metabolism"(PDF). Respiration Physiology. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2. Scott, Christopher B (2. A Primer for the Exercise and Nutrition Sciences: Thermodynamics, Bioenergetics, Metabolism. Humana Press. p. 1. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 6. Robert Donatelli, Sports- specific Rehabilitation, p. Elsevier, 2. 00. 7 ISBN 0. Westerblad, Håkan (1 February 2. Muscle Fatigue: Lactic Acid or Inorganic Phosphate the Major Cause?". Physiology. 1. 7 (1): 1. Retrieved 2. 5 September 2. Mc. Mahon, Thomas A (1. Muscles, Reflexes, and Locomotion. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0- 6. 91- 0. How to Quickly Make Chrome Default Browser in Windows 1. Windows 1. 0 brings many changes, not all welcomed. Snagged your Windows 1. 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![]() Read more Elio’s ambitious plan involves producing a three- wheeled vehicle that the company claims can get up to 8. General Motors factory in Shreveport, Louisiana. The price of the car, a major selling point from the company’s perspective, is set at $7,4. But Elio has repeatedly delayed production plans for the vehicle—called The Elio, after its namesake, company founder Paul Elio—because of significant financial problems. In May, the company revealed it needed $3. The number of shares and the price range for the offering haven’t been determined, according to a registration statement filed with the U. ![]() ![]() S. Securites and Exchange Commission for the initial public offering. Elio plans to list on the NASDAQ Global Market. A successful IPO, while still a longshot, could allow the company to restart production of prototypes and generate more interest in the car. The size of the IPO was estimated “solely for the purpose of computing the amount of the registration fee,” the company said in the filing Thursday. A spokesperson for the company didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment. The company was fined $5. Louisiana, which said Elio is operating as a “manufacturer” under state law and therefore should have a license to accept non- refundable deposits. Elio has vowed to appeal the decision. Elio also owes RACER Trust $1. Louisiana factory. RACER, which took over the facility as part of GM’s bankruptcy, loaned Elio $2. We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering for working capital and general corporate purposes, including sales and marketing activities, product development, and capital expenditures,” Elio said in the filing. The company currently has $2. Elio has remained hopeful that it could launch production and deliver vehicles by next year to the roughly 6. But the timeline for The Elio has been again delayed, according to the filing. The Elio is still in development, and we do not expect to start delivering to customers until 2. The Elio vehicle requires significant investment prior to commercial introduction, and may never be successfully developed or commercially successful.”The company estimates that it requires $3. That means the company is still expecting to receive a significant uptick of interest in the car in the coming months. This month, Elio Motors had a whopper of a deadline: have a manufacturing facility developed in…Read more While Elio has long said it hopes to tap additional funding through the U. S. government’s Advanced Technology Vehicle Manufacturing program, it has yet to receive confirmation on a loan application for $1. The ATVM program hasn’t doled out loans in years, and Elio describes the potential funding source as crucial to the vehicle’s proposed production timeline. If we fail to obtain these loan proceeds within the timeframe needed to support our proposed production timetable or not be funded at all, it is likely we will experience significant delays in our production timetable,” the filing says. The filing includes a lengthy warning section to prospective investors. Our limited operating history makes evaluating our business and future prospects difficult, and may increase the risk of an investment in our company,” the company said in the filing. You must consider the risks and difficulties we face as a development stage company with limited operating history.”“We have not yet produced or delivered our first vehicle and we have not generated any revenues,” the filing continues. If we do not successfully address these risks, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition will be materially and adversely harmed.”. Driver's licenses in the United States. In the United States of America, driver's licenses are issued by each individual state, territories, and the federal district rather than by the federal government because of the concept of federalism. Drivers are normally required to obtain a license from their state of residence and all states recognize each other's licenses for temporary visitors subject to normal age requirements. A state may also suspend an individual's driving privilege within its borders for traffic violations. Many states share a common system of license classes, with some exceptions, e. C. F. R. 3. 83.[1]History[edit]In 1. Chicago and New York City were the first locales to require testing before being allowed to drive a motor vehicle. Massachusetts and Missouri were the first U. S. states to require a license for driving a motor vehicle in 1. Missouri did not require testing before a license was granted.[2]Pennsylvania's 1. Connecticut in 1. Standard and special licenses[edit]Unrestricted Licenses are driver's licenses that most American drivers have in order to drive. Various states differ on what class they utilize to distinguish between a typical driver's license and special licenses, such as restricted, chauffeur, or motorcycle licenses. For instance, Tennessee designates Class D as a regular driver's license, while Class M is a motorcycle license and Class H is a hardship license (see below). Hardship licenses for minors are driver's licenses that are restricted to drivers between 1. A hardship license for minors is distinct from hardship licenses granted for drivers with revoked or suspended licenses.[4] The table below includes states that provide hardship licenses for minors. Provisional Licenses are functionally the same as a driver's license, but are typically issued to new drivers under the age of 1. Almost all states, with the exception of South Dakota, have some form of a graduated licensing provision; however, the actual restrictions and the length of time a new driver must adhere to them vary widely by state. Restrictions frequently include. A curfew, after which night driving is not permitted (unless 1. Pennsylvania, or 1 a. Wisconsin). However, some states (e. North Carolina) have curfews as early as 9 p. Some states such as New York provide exceptions for special situations, such as driving home from work or school functions, picking up family members, or for medical appointments, while others such as Massachusetts do not. Restrictions on the number of passengers under a specific age present in the vehicle. For example, in California, minors may not transport people under age 2. Chauffeur Licenses are functionally the same as a passenger car license, but also allow the holder to drive a taxi, limo, or other livery vehicle for hire. Livery licensing in the United States is somewhat complicated. In the United States, chauffeur licenses are not considered commercial or professional driver's licenses, and (assuming the driver already holds a regular passenger license) a road test is usually not required to convert it to a chauffeur license; however, some states do require a short written exam on taxi- specific driving laws and/or a background check, and require the driver to be at least 1. This type of license is typically, though not universally, called "Class E". Some states simply add an endorsement to a regular license, while others require no special permission at the state level to drive a taxi or limo. Florida once issued chauffeur licenses through its Class D licenses, a designation that was eliminated in 2. Regardless of whether and how the state handles chauffeur licensing, a permit or license must always be obtained from the city, town, or county the driver will be operating in. Motorcycle Licenses covers motorcycles only; frequently combined with a regular driver's license. In some states this does not include some types of mopeds, scooters, or motorized bicycles, but with a wide variety of different state- by- state definitions for these vehicles. A common but not universal criterion is an engine displacement of 2. These vehicles sometimes do not require a motorcycle license, or in some states any license at all, as well as in some states avoiding insurance and registration requirements. Unlike EU states, no US state differentiates between low and full powered motorcycles for the purposes of licensing. Some states require an additional motorcycle license to operate a sidecar rig.[5]Enhanced Licenses are issued to U. S. citizens in Washington, Vermont, Michigan, Minnesota, and New York, and establish nationality in addition to driving privileges. An EDL is a WHTI compliant document, acceptable for re- entering the United States via land and sea crossings from Canada, Mexico, or the Caribbean. A U. S. Passport, birth certificate, or another document proving citizenship is required to apply for this type of license. Motorcycle and commercial driver's licenses (see above and below) usually can also be issued as enhanced. Handicap Permits are issued to persons who meet the proper guidelines for requiring handicap driving and parking access. They are granted special access to improve their quality of life as a driver. In certain states, namely Texas, a handicapped person's drivers license can be revoked based on their disability.[6]Some states also have additional classifications. Hawaii, for example, has a separate license category for drivers who only operate mopeds, while some more northerly states have separate categories for snowmobiles and ATVs. South Carolina and Georgia have non- commercial versions of every commercial class license for agricultural purposes. Commercial Driver's Licenses (CDL)[edit]Class C licenses are issued in all states, except Massachusetts, in both commercial and non- commercial status. A non- commercial Class C license may not be used for hire. Most recreational vehicles that do not fall into the class D/E category, such as converted buses, tractor, lawn mowers, or full size (greater than 4. Class C license and the corresponding permit from the state with which you reside. CDL endorsements[edit]Class A: Combination (tractor plus trailer) vehicle of 2. Includes split (coupled) buses.[7]Class B: Single (straight) vehicle of 2. Also includes combination vehicles for commercial use weighing less than 2. Class C: Commercial vehicle that doesn't fit classes A or B, but is placarded for hazardous materials or is intended to carry more than 1. Georgia.) May include heavy- duty non- commercial vehicles with trailers capable of carrying over 1. Professional drivers are usually required to add endorsements to their CDL in order to drive certain types of vehicles that require additional training, such as those equipped with air brakes. CDL endorsements requirements are mostly similar, but some vary slightly from state to state. The training and testing requirements are regulated by the US Department of Transportation. Endorsements are as follows: [8]P: Passenger Transport (buses carrying 1. California)H: Hazardous Materials (requires a TSA background check as well as an extensive written exam. The driver must be a US Citizen or permanent lawful resident to obtain an H or X endorsement.)M: Metal coil. N: Tank Vehicles (Required for carrying liquids in bulk.)T: Double/Triple Trailers (Road trains) (Class A licenses only.)X: Hazardous Materials and Tank Combination. L: Air Brakes. S: School Bus (In addition to a standard bus endorsement, more stringent TSA and CORI background checks are required.)CDL restrictions[edit]Licenses can be restricted through any of the following ways: [8]B: Corrective Lenses are required while operating a motor vehicle. C: A mechanical aid is required to operate a commercial vehicle. D: A prosthetic aid is required to operate a commercial vehicle. E: The driver may only operate a commercial vehicle with an automatic transmission. F: An outside mirror is required on the commercial vehicle. G: The driver of a commercial vehicle is only allowed to operate during daylight hours. K: Drivers are authorized to drive a commercial vehicle within the state of issue (intrastate) only.[9] This restriction applies to any holder of a CDL license who is under 2. L: Drivers are restricted from operating a commercial vehicle with air brakes. 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